System components

Electrodes that include a small, built-in amplifier to boost the weak neural signal directly at the recording site. This pre-amplification makes the signal more robust against environmental noise during transmission to the main BCI system.[36]

A specific type of transducer that converts a small input signal into a larger output signal

A component that receives analogue signals from a transducer and converts them into digital signals that can be processed and understood by a computer.

A device that is surgically implanted into the brain

The pathway through which the brain signal is collected, transmitted, and processed

Modern electrodes designed to function without conductive gel, making direct contact with the scalp. They offer significantly faster and cleaner setup, a high priority for practical and consumer BCI systems, though they can present challenges in comfort and signal stability.[35, 36]

A device embedded with multiple electrodes to record the electrical activity of the brain from the scalp.

A specific type of transducer that converts electrical signals into physical actions

A specific type of transducer that establishes electrical contact with a physical part of a circuit, acting as the interface between the biological medium (brain) and the electronic system.

The electrical resistance and reactance at the interface between the electrode and the skin, which affects signal quality and stability.

wearable device equipped with sensors to detect and record brain signals, characterized by an integrated design that makes it easy to use independently.

impedance is the measure of opposition to electrical current flow between an electrode and the scalp. Low impedance is crucial for acquiring clean, high-quality brain signals.

A specialized amplifier that accurately amplifies the small differential signals from electrodes while rejecting common-mode noise.

Electrodes that lack a built-in amplifier, transmitting the raw neural signal directly to the main BCI system.

component that interprets signals received from the brain.

A specific type of transducer that detects or measures a physical quantity and converts it into an electrical signal.

A device that converts brain signals into electrical signals (for recording) or vice versa (for stimulation).

Traditional electrodes that require the application of a conductive gel or paste to the scalp to ensure a low-impedance (high-quality) electrical connection.[35]