Signal processing and analysis

The first stage of the BCI pipeline, which involves measuring the brain's raw physiological signals using a specific sensor modality.[3, 45] This process includes amplifying the very weak neural signals to a usable level, converting them from analog to digital form, and transmitting them to a computer for processing.[25]

The transformation, extraction, and classification of brain signals to interpret the user's intent and control an external device.

Reconstruction of neural signal origins using inverse modeling techniques.

Computing the physical layout or spatial distribution of brain activity as measured by sensors

Technique to enhance or isolate neural signals from specific brain regions, such as Laplacian or CSP filters.

A measure of the average firing rate of a neuron in a specific time interval

Directional, causal influence among neural signals estimated by models like Granger causality.