Modalities

Fluorescence-based method monitoring neuronal activity via calcium ion concentration changes.

Non-contact EEG method utilizing capacitive sensors, enhancing user comfort and ease of setup.

An invasive neuromodulation technique that involves the surgical implantation of an electrode deep within the brain to deliver continuous or intermittent electrical pulses.[88] DBS is primarily used to treat movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, by regulating the pathological neural activity in deep brain structures like the basal ganglia.[88, 89]

3D imaging of brain activity using near-infrared light and advanced reconstruction algorithms.

Invasive recording of brain activity from the cortical surface.

A graphic record of the variation with time of voltages taken from electrodes on the scalp, whose positions are specified according to a standard system.

A graphic record of the variation with time of voltages produced by the electrical activity of muscle fibers, recorded via electrodes placed on the skin or inserted into the muscle.

Technique for recording electrical activity in peripheral nerves, complementing central modalities.

Minimally invasive neural implants introduced via blood vessels to interface with the brain without open surgery.

A magnetic resonance imaging technique on the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain, based on the principle that active areas consume more oxygen.

An optical brain monitoring technique that uses near-infrared light for the purpose of functional neuroimaging, by measuring hemoglobin concentration changes associated with neural activity.

Ultrasound-based technique to map brain activity via cerebral blood volume changes with high spatiotemporal resolution.

Dense grid of electrodes for capturing high-resolution spatial patterns of brain activity (applied in EEG, ECoG, or MEA designs).

Imaging method detecting heat patterns from the scalp to infer underlying brain blood flow and metabolic activity.

A graphic record of the variation with time of voltages taken from electrodes placed onto or deeply inserted into the brain to directly record electrical activities of the brain through sensors.

The aggregate electrical signal generated by the summed synaptic and other electrical activity of a local population of neurons in a small volume of brain tissue.[20] LFPs reflect the synchronized input to a neural area and are a primary signal source measured by both intracortical and ECoG electrodes.[28]

A medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues within the body, especially the brain, without using ionizing radiation (like X-rays).

A topographic or graphic record, as a function of time, of magnetic fields associated with the electrical activity of the brain.

An invasive device composed of numerous microscopic electrodes designed to be implanted directly into the brain's cortex.[2, 29] MEAs offer the highest spatial resolution of any BCI modality, capable of recording the action potentials (spikes) of individual neurons or small neuronal populations, which provides the fine-grained information necessary for complex control tasks like operating a multi-fingered robotic hand.[13, 30]

Combined spiking activity from small neuronal populations.