Modalities

Imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to visualize brain metabolism and function at a molecular level.

A numerically intensive, computational analysis of EEG data using mathematical algorithms (such as Fourier or wavelet analysis) to quantify brain activity patterns, providing detailed brain mapping and diagnostic insights beyond traditional visual EEG interpretation.

Nuclear imaging method detecting gamma rays to provide 3D functional information of brain blood flow and activity.

Signal acquisition from individual neurons via microelectrodes.

Ultra-sensitive magnetometers used in MEG systems to detect extremely weak magnetic fields generated by neuronal activity.

A non-invasive neuromodulation technique that uses a powerful magnetic coil placed against the scalp to induce a small, localized electrical current in the underlying brain tissue.[90] This induced current can temporarily excite or inhibit neural activity in the targeted cortical region, making TMS a valuable tool for both neuroscience research and as a therapeutic treatment for conditions such as depression.[91, 92]

Emerging technique using focused ultrasound waves to modulate brain activity non-invasively with high spatial precision.

Optical imaging recording membrane potential changes across cortical surfaces in real time.