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A subfield of AI focused on enabling machines to learn from data and improve performance on specific tasks without explicit programming.

A medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues within the body, especially the brain, without using ionizing radiation (like X-rays).

A topographic or graphic record, as a function of time, of magnetic fields associated with the electrical activity of the brain.

The imagination of a specific scenario or action by the subject, without any actual physical execution.

The amount of cognitive resources used when the subject is performing a task.

Protecting the confidentiality of personal brain data and ensuring unauthorized parties cannot access or use it.

Learning the ability to rapidly adapt to new users or contexts using minimal training data.

An invasive device composed of numerous microscopic electrodes designed to be implanted directly into the brain's cortex.[2, 29] MEAs offer the highest spatial resolution of any BCI modality, capable of recording the action potentials (spikes) of individual neurons or small neuronal populations, which provides the fine-grained information necessary for complex control tasks like operating a multi-fingered robotic hand.[13, 30]

Inappropriate or incorrect use of the BCI systems

Performance decline resulting from changes in the user's neural patterns over time.

The specific spatial configuration and arrangement of electrodes during neural signal acquisition.

The generation of neural activity from the motor cortex by imagining movements without any physical limb movement or external stimulus

Experimental design requiring a subject to participate in several sessions over days or weeks.

Stimulation of multiple brain or nerve regions simultaneously to create complex feedback or sensory experiences.

Combined spiking activity from small neuronal populations.

A BCI system that enables several users to communicate with it

Combination of visual, auditory, and haptic cues to enhance user perception and control.